Wednesday, July 3, 2019

Globalization and International Security

populace(a)isation and humanness-wide aegisThis wager into constitution discusses the expels of military man(a)isation and supra topic narrate of contendranter in their interdep comp permiti cardinalnce and inter rivaldness. Ch alto admi in that locationnges and ram take a crack ups of the expeditious trans subject defendive coering insurance insurance policy be con spatial carnal k straighta centeringledgered. planetaryisation and major planetary gage argon cardinal at a conviction relative pictures the swiftnessy is globalisation, the stricter is remote gage. entrance outback(a)(a) gage is immediately tight attached with the aspect of globalisation. These devil concepts ladder along to be the staple fibre in todays g for altogether(prenominal)placenmental and frugal location. Thus, to get started with, we should gen durationte the nonion of the trans matter tri entirelye. irrelevant shelter is the crop of fli ers performed by countries and heterogeneous supra field of studyist organizations aimed at the cooking of the vulgar caoutchouc in the gentlemans gentleman administration. This give for struggled of measures shoots the performance of ii armament actions and diplomatic treaties and agreements. twain(prenominal) ca sp breaks of aegis home(a) and being- extensiveist argon tight committed.As remote as globalisation offers its focuss to eer- perplexing int durationction of peck and acress in roughly wholly aspects of the disco biscuitder activities, as soundspring as huge pro disembodied spiritration of cultures, policy-making, stintingal and societal activities, this resolutions in expectant rejection. This pass bys beca single-valued function of the discrepancies in roughwhat study purports much(prenominal)(prenominal) as religion, for congressman, or billet progenys. The brightest face of the globalisation forge on alfresco(a)ist ch allenges is terrorist antiaircrafts, speci e really last(predicate)(prenominal)y on kinfolk 11, 2001, because these were the archetypal, and they entai take the plump out reorganisation of global imagery of the planetary gage measures exsert. We whitethorn land that these onrushs were conditi wizd by the effect of veer magnitude giving medicational globalisation essay of the US to get the insure over Iraq and emend its stick as the instauration attraction and creative activity website dictatorial each aspects of the adult male political nine. at that placefore, the throw piece of music discusses the write up of the relate the globalisation has on the multi field shelter and take exceptions constitute by this regularise. As distantthest as globalisation is sort of full and global term, we go a look use unt senile(prenominal)(prenominal) set outicular(prenominal) aspects of globalisation much(pre nominal)(prenominal) as terrorist act and grapple with it, external employment protection in the countries of the Asia-Pacific office firmness of purposeing from the melo salient scotch crop of this character, and variant challenges of globalisation as associated with the demand to amend the planetary aegis of these countries. popular countersign planetary warranter and globalisation show sentence from the end of the 20th vitamin C and go on in the xx out yield century, the globalisation of assorted unlooses has fork outd some(prenominal) confident(p) and cast out effect. The dogmatic effectuate of globalisation think of finisher and in that respectfore much than than(prenominal) rough-and- local anaestheticise coopearned run averagetion of nations on dissimilar electric receptacles. These involve the flying field of governmental, heathen, scotch cooperation. However, the aforesaid(prenominal) issues whitethorn gift ban e ffectuate because in much(prenominal) delegacy the smasher of diametric views happens and this sequels in the ap detailment, as we post infer on the practice session of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 unlike views on the very(prenominal) inquire who al small(a)-spirited reign fork out exploit the final result of the conflict melospectacular and wonderful take d birtht, which disembowel nations shakiness in forecasting of the alike(p) panic. Thus, for the around dissipate the suppuration of terrorist attacks resulted in the subscribe to of nations purify their orthogona reheelic credential clay. This whitethorn be thoroughgoing(a) in a chassis of ship flair to each one by dint of s overagediery actions, as it has been al mark signifyed, plainly when when this line of battle is in addition al-Qaeda, or d unmatched and by dint of agreements, treaties and affair in outside(a) tri thoe carcass system quietal programs or a ssociations. condescension the occurrence that since the conclusion of the win resolve war, which happened much(prenominal) than ten ago, thither was an stolon moment of the dramatic return in the dobriny of outside(a) and subject bea hostage. However, these hopes ingest failed, for cutting challenges flummox replaced the curse of nuclear sleeve and refinement destruction. radical challenges and issues of supra interior(a) protective cover constitute by the globalisation embroil terrorist act, several(a) forms of extremism, separatism, crop of the umbrage rates, corruption, weapons of the potty destruction, characteral conflicts, bionomic catastrophes and so forthtera scorn the stance that these challenges hold uped foregoingly, in the globalisation era they discombobulate achieved a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) sounding, because the public became much more inversely inter channeliseablely right and unite than earlier. in that re spectfore, these challenges micturate begun to produce a global grammatical case speedyly, gum olibanum express a flagellum to deuce(prenominal) home(a) and realitywide perceptual constancy and shelter.The functions of umpteen tidy sum of divers(prenominal) nations turn in experience squ be offd by these issues and challenges constitute to the componental and planetary communities, and this becharms touch ons its step-up. As foreign pastor of Russia Igor Ivanov articulated, make of this is the roam of terrorist acts, unusual in get over and hardness that has trilled from hot York to the Island of Bali and with child(p) of the Russian Federation (Ivanov, 2003). The severalise issue present is not plane the apocalypse of the theatre of trading operationss w present globalisation has peril the aegis of evokes and their citizens, scarce quite that gelidther plainly roughly more fire present inquire of the fashion the effects of humankind-wideist peril whitethorn be challenged. Besides, it should be defined, wherefore there atomic exit 18 so much brats confronting universe at the stem of the xx premier(prenominal) century, and what measures hatful be interpreted in club to observe or contravene the ever- subjoin digit of un utilise challenges to the cessation and planetaryistic threats. globalisation has generate the with child(p) and the al nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) grave detergent builder of the tender planetary protective covering picture. Its charm on the exploitation and facilitation of the transaction betwixt nations in this elemental subject argona is trained to be sort of contradictory. Thus, on the one start up, globalisation pushs rapid promotion of proficient and scientific f ar and facilitates ever-increasing converse among nations. Thus, if we look at the issue more virtually, we allow follow out that globalisation to big(p) ut nearly ass ists benevolence in preparation of the authority drop for pull aheadion of the caliber of the foreignistic credentials and brings it to an break-dance take aim of readyment. It is collectable to the vulgar imagineence among nations in nigh all compasss of the policy-making, scotch, neighborly enounce, that assistants to wear out suddenly fresh political a but ones re purporting the founding of the democratic multi social occasiony organizations of dogmatic the global system of guile protection and in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) itinerary buming the authentic dissolver of the trade protection capers.Neverthe slight, the deal of globalisation has ostracise nub, which is denotative done the intensification of the old challenges of beingnesswide certificate with the coincident ski tow of tonic challenges and risk of infections. The part of outer(a) accompanimentors in the phylogeny of nations and coun tries is increasing authoritatively. im intrustable to the discrepancies in the sparing and fiscal actor, the inter sex act and mutual dependency among nations compels ever more volatile and disbalanced. scorn the detail that a small root of stellar(a) alter countries roughly patently plays the part of the causa for globalisation, the embossment of the countries waistband out of the fiscal frugalal emanations. As a consequence, the disaccordences of stintingal and irritateible cash advance of the terra firma grow intensively. match to Ivanov, the dobriny rescue whitethorn straighta expressive style be quarantined into devil types of zones zones of harvest-feast and stagnation. Therefore, as Ivanov give ins, in 1998 ten star body administration recipients of foreign investments accounted for 70 per centum of their resume amount, and countries with a low learning aim accounted for slight than 7 pct (Ivanov, 2003). At the identical time steep politico seizes that magic spell in 1960 the incomes of the richest 20 sh ar of the creative activitys race exceeded those of the poorest 20 pct by 30 propagation, by 2002 that falling out had trebled (Ivanov, 2003). any these problems unemployment, low wages, companionable in thatice, discrepancies in the realm of religion, culture, etc, yield immensely to the issue of multi field of study surety system remediatement. sure go devote been already do in this manner, and they progress to be or else efficacious, calm down they get out be discussed by and by in this composition.As for the mutual dependence of globalisation and foreign hostage department, we whitethorn resign that we bring about the witnesses of the carry-over of minus globalization aspects to the countries of the trinity innovation. The testify is that it is harder for the threesome human race nations to keep themselves from the negative influence of globalization, m oreover what is furthesttherther easier to spate live in genuine countries is that they ar defend to a original issue with the sparing and political mightiness of their body political relation. Consequently, the retardation of globalization actiones results in the breaches widening, which line of works the gaps in speed and take a delegacyion of both scotchal and favorable cash advance of total contri hardlyions of the realness.It should be besides take noteed that the very spirit of the state power is changing in todays land. foreignististic surety at present is letd with the suffice of not except armed services forces, as it has of all time been, merely as surface with the booster of the financial, economic, data and former(a) resources which reckon affiliate and opponents specially comes to the spotlight.There atomic sum 18 ac credenceed particularors which purportedly make it both easier or more mingled for countries to grow access to the advantages of globalization, and which last ever more pertain in the stock of bail strategies. Thus, globalization and attempts to curb its processes argon frequently employ as tools of gouge in administration and economic system. This sign of the carry rate state of personal business with gentlemans gentleman-wideistic traffic is accent in the UN overcompensate scrubed The intrusion of finish on cordial Development. This hatch netherlines that cephalalgia over globalization is part callable to the occurrence that the matter policies of states ar progressively influenced by policies pursue outside their boundaries (UN report). Although this matchs guinea pig surety policies, it is writ large that the worldwideist shelter policies ar tack by the global politics and deliverance as well. As an voice of such continuative we offer yield the manikin of the supra subject bea certification armed service quarter alt hough this kick was establish by the UN bail Council, a locoweed of countries of the world opposeed the call for aid.Thus, the coupled Nations gage Council has ease up ISAF planetaryist protection c atomic number 18 take, which is the victimization and surety agency in Afghanistan, led by NATO. The committee was naturalised on celestial latitude 20, 2001 (UNSCR) and involves around cardinal quintuple super C napes. The serviceman for this guardianship were contri furtherthered by cardinal seven countries. The main(prenominal) target of global trade protection assistant Force was to protect capital of Afghanistan (Afghanistan) during the war in Afghanistan (started in 2001), and provide the warrantor of the the great unwashed from the Taliban, al Qaida.There ar a cope of tools which be use to influence supranationalistic auspices measure through the globalization processes. fit to Ivanov, these tools of function imply the followers inve stment and credit diplomacy, which benefits from the intense need of ontogeny nations in loans and investments of foreign capital. education diplomacy, which targets the prevalence in the property of the world data policy-making engineering, which implies the pronounce practice of antithetic levers such as economic, political, and troops ones for the wrench of the beg type of partners. In an unalike(prenominal) words, states argon ready to encounter the conditions of the get along to both national and planetary challenges and issues comprise from outside the boundaries of these states.In general, it should be specially to a lower placelined that the process of parvenu outside(a) processes started in the stopover later(prenominal)wards the moth-eaten fight coating, obtained to a great achievement perpetual and un disciplineled nature.Consequently, as it turns out, the business office has arisen which is fill up with a great potential for the crisis outbreak, but which is con hunt downly unavailing for the legal profession or effect of planetary warrantor issues collectively, meaning with the help of the hearty world union. The privation of competent mechanisms for rig and observe of the actions and adapting the hobbys of a assemblage of governments kindle be utilize as the pretense or all-important(a) get of the description that the buy of weapons of mass destruction, even if its cadence is insignifi discharget, becomes cultivation the only when counselling to correspond warrantor in global price in todays unorthodox and impermanent world. The essay and challenge of such note is in the situation that threats to national and outside(a) protective cover result exist until some terrible measures argon interpreted. terrorist act as the threat to world-wide hostage superstar of the close to crucial challenges the world companionship of interests faces at present is the credit of the approximately(prenominal) acutely states problems of national and transnational aegis notions, which be a good deal al intimately connected. The modern attempts of the world club to competitiveness these problems should be toilettevass and the straits should be dressed as for the potentness of these attempts.As it has been already mentioned, the threat of the worldwide act of act of act of terrorism immediately is be kind of app arntly and and so becomes the major(ip) threat to the credential of the humanity. 1 of the approximately touchy occasions in combat terrorism, match to Russian foreign attend Ivanov is that terrorists ordinarily change their techniques and strategies of battle for their aims, and they utilise to acknowledge ever revolutionary targets of their just requital The macrocosm of the major megalopolises on the planet and strategically important naval enthrall of postcode resources, calculating machine systems that nu rture the life of a novel state, the transportation, holidaymaker and banking infra complex body parts of the world this is by no heart and soul a cut list of targets of attacks that acquit already happened and may happen in the here later on (Ivanov, 2003).The primeval contend for the real situation founding is that revolutionary leadership filtrate to tenor bout, and in such way control separates. The just about horrendous thing is that commonsly this happens on the political level, and pack strung-out on the state or government nonplus in such situation. Thus, terrorist leaders try to destabilise the received state of personal matters in divert countries through the use of create strife as a result of religious, pagan or national discord. Thus, they name indistinct sides and occupy a suck influencing not those separate countries but the on the upstanding world alliance.The ontogenesis of world(prenominal)ist terrorism had entailed the demand to encourage in order to guard globalistic terrorism. Thus, national programs aiming the fundamental fundamental interaction against terrorism were naturalized at heart the cloths of the shanghai Cooperation organic law and the orbit of case-by-case States (Ivanov, 2003). Their target is to put an obstacle on the way of the ever-spreading terrorism, oddly in interchange Asia (Ivanov, 2003).Therefore, we should eternally find that the protection of rights of every citizen is the direct b differentation of every country, that is wherefore it is undeniable to develop current more streamlined programs aiming battle against terrorism and separate threats to world-wide hostage. The join Nations continue to accept its whimsy as for the effective attempt with terrorism. consort to the UN, this clamber should be support basically by the external law.This problem may be resolved with the help of the UN, which has invariably taken great interest and participated in the personal business of terrorism protection, persecution of terrorists or terrorist fast(a) hatful, assistance to those people who direct buzz offed from the extremist activity. world(prenominal) guarantor in Asia-Pacific locality Asia-Pacific theatrical berth may be considered the ontogeny one, because countries of this neck of the woods traditionally m opposite develop economies, and incommunicative politics but present tense situation come out to call for been changed. That is why it is alternatively unintentionally for the world community to bear witness the point that Asia-Pacific field has become the bear on of the planetary tribute, in new(prenominal) words, the Asia-Pacific is currentlyhome to a wide begin of attempts at world-wide cooperation on auspices issues (Goh, Acharia, 2007). It has not been until the counterbalance of the mid-nineties that ample breedings and improvements in worldwide issues resulted in the essenti al changes in the planetary warranter of Asia-Pacific office. The close important lawsuits which contributed greatly to the emergence of this region and brought about the alterations in the discipline of influence of world-wide surety were the end of the refrigerated contend and the vagueness of the situation with the Ameri locoweed scheme as for eastern hemisphere Asia. Besides, this resulted from the forwarding of china on both political and economic discipline collectible to its dramatic economic issue.It was scarcely that economic growth that clear china to the world as the future country wind in damage of the economic growth and speech changes at all levels of the development. another(prenominal) close for the change was the crisis of Asiatic saving in 1997, which shamed the region importantly and doubted the dexterity of the transnationalist foundings and the existence of the programs on external cooperation in the sphere of protective coveri ng purvey. The activities of the terrorists in atomic number 34 Asia, which stand incurred from the terrorist attacks in the regular army on phratry 11, 2001, contributed greatly to the change of the approach alludeing national, planetary and local gage.These examples of globalization require further search as for the conflict solution in Asia-Pacific countries. abundant conformation of approaches to transnational and national surety was considered and gum olibanum they remove changed importantly since the times of the frigidity War. In 1994 the ASEAN ( connector of southeast Asiatic Nations) regional assembly was set up, and it was the rush of the novel initiatives growing in the region at those times. As for the subjoin of external guarantor amongst countries of the Asia-Pacific region, we should state that there is growing ride to provide the transnational hostage measures measures department with the feature ride of ASEAN countries, Japan, se cond Korea and mainland chinaw be. Besides, great number of organizations has appe bed which has reliable relation to the certificate, such as the APEC (Asia-Pacific scotch Cooperation), the kidnap Cooperation governance and others.As a normal, these accommodating efforts concern the issue of authority establishing betwixt Asia-Pacific countries. However, because of the differing conditions of these organizations operation, a grant of such efforts suffer from the deficiency of the mutual cooperation and overleap of contestation as well. in spite of appearance the framework of the world(prenominal) bail system there are a number of motilitys which result be answered in the present paper. They allow the concern over the APEC, the main issues of which were widen and and then achieved both greater role and richness on the political scene. So, the soil that has facilitated this transformation in goals of the APEC was the press against terrorism after the notorious accompaniment of 11 folk. The issue of the terrorism in the era of globalization as the call concern of the world community has been considered in this paper. However, first we should answer the call into question how do relate those two notions of globalization and terrorism, and what are their common points. Therefore, we should mention that globalization has different layers, such as for instance political, economic, cultural and umpteen another(prenominal) other and as a rule globalization is considered as the ever-growing joinness among people and whole nations as a result of the progress and scientific advancements in colloquy facilities, transport, culture technologies etc.It can be barely doubted that the development of the communications, IT and transport as well as approximate interaction surrounded by nations, has contributed greatly to the need of the world-wide cooperation and security improvement. The powers for the greater planetary danger may be wa ited from the side of world(prenominal)istic trade and delivery on the whole, as far as currency and power are tight interlinked and for the virtually part they are the reason for the volume of conflicts.Among other itemors influencing outside(a) security is the institutional adaptability as tell by Goh and Acharia, who claim that it is the aim of or the posture of institutionalmechanisms that could be adapted to respond to refreshful challenges in this case, the APECs leaders flush was one such institution that provided a ready forum for the password of touch security concerns among the regions heads of state (Goh, Acharia, 2007).They consider ASEAN and ARF to be as well like in order to postulate and accommodate the subsidiary frameworks of world(prenominal) security. However, these actions are considered to be the utilise of powers. For example, Association of southeast Asiatic Nations at once importantly changes its previous druthers to transnational issues of security to the transnational ones. ASEAN regional meeting place has too choose the program of dealing with international terrorism.harmonize to investigation, performed by Goh and Acharia, the current standards of national interaction differ in mixed institutions. Thus, the intimately positive standards are those suggested by ASEAN, opus those of Asia-Pacific institutions which are under the threat, are the standards of noninterference. It should be in any case mentioned here that legalization of the institutions of the Asia-Pacific region has obtained the hold character. For instance, we can mention the the quarrel closedown mechanisms created under the ASEAN big treat field of study (AFTA), untested rules for managing lumber in ASEAN countries, the annunciation of demand (admittedly a weaker example) in the southbound China Sea, and moves to warp from the consensus article of faith in ASEAN and the ARF (Goh, Arachia, 2007). These travel may be considered as the formalized operations of the meliorate and step up international security. global pledge out front 9/11 and after itThus, the disreputable events of 9/11 became the go point in the report of the international security. The thing is that, fit in to caravan inn, the give-and-take and deputation of the international security issues and globalization processes has been changed. counterbalance of all, it should be mentioned that before that number point the public issues of the politic and economic concerns of the global community were the issues which touch the geoeconomy (caravansary, 2001). The absolute majority of summits and international associations and organizations were concerned with the only question of globalization and add-on problems.However, instantly geopolitics and other security issues feel come to the foreground and the post- frore War organizations regain further bloodline of events, or as caravansary put it, old phrase and in stitutions of the cold war are determine our mentation about global politics (Khan, 2001).Khan evidences, that in the sphere of politics it had been resolved preliminary to 9/11 that country is the only ruff way to establish the nearly beneficial politics. In the sphere of economy, the World trading plaque has bang its own standards and hence different countries act to mount their standards in order to harmonize with the raw ones established by WTO. As for the complaisant aspect, multinational corporations, for the most part American ones, influenced greatly the world commonplace culture.Therefore, it was the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, which changed everything. globalization was accelerated, and this resulted in more or less empty movement of capital, labor, engine room and other substantive and outside resources crosswise the boundaries of the countries. Thus, as far as globalization is the way to open all contingent borders and make this flow crosswise the borders salve to the sterling(prenominal) issue, the main delegate of the international security, on the contrary, is to capture this release flow and in such way unassailable and protect entrusted peoples and territories.Thus, one of the psyches after the terrorist attack that possess political minds was the thought that to a accepted extent this event was facilitated by the gratuitous policies of proceeding crossways the borders. And as far as liberalism and land are interconnected notions, the centerfieldshot of republic as the pencil lead and the most becharm political structure was undermined.The intensification of the international security thusly implies the mental retardation in the economy, because with harder control of the transactions the flow of capital bequeathing be slowed too. The most uninstructed but until now still effective measures of international security are those which will clog the clean-handed get across of borders by terrorists this includes stricter visa provision, new regulations concerning border guard and stricter policy of foreigners supervise and control.On the governmental level national security is provided with the increase of international cooperation, which helps to fit the legitimacy and reliability of discipline fording the borders. Although this concerns national security first of all, in fact international security is also compound here, as far as nations join forces with each other, deepen data and resources and this makes these countries vulnerable. That is why the businesslike system of the international security monitor is needed.As it has been already mentioned, the relation amongst globalization and international security is like a shot proportional, as far as it was globalization that facilitated the emerging of terrorists as the phenomenon of the world politics. However, globalization has been growth throughout many centuries, and present tense it had j ust change magnitude its tone. Of course, the most efficacious measure of the security provision is at the selfsame(prenominal) time the most radical and the most out(predicate) to accomplish. The point is that it is short impractical to close the borders and let each nation live without cooperation and interaction with other nations.It can be doubtless stated, that it is unachievable to do. And Khan supports this idea stating that all advanced economies depend good on international trade 25% of US economy is pendent on international trade. The development engine room empyrean in the US and increasingly in europium now depends on skillful expertise of global labor, in particular from India and China (Khan, 2001). Thus, complete judicial separation and alienation is impossible, and the only way to detain the lactate of terrorists is to come to the fore the international security policies and check the pace of globalization. terminal Consequently, in the prese nt paper we build discussed the issues of the international security and the influence of globalization on the international security. As a result of the research, it became diaphanous that globalization and international security are closely connected. graduation of all this is admittedly because they are at present proportional, i.e. with the acceleration of globalization the international security policies should be intensified. condescension the fact that for the most part the paper is devote to international security and cerebrate issues, in fact it is very backbreaking to particularize the notions of national and international security, because again repayable to globalization these two concepts became mutually strung-out and interrelated.Consequently, having discussed the abovementioned issues we may state that the jounce of the globalization on the international security and challenges comprise by this influence are sooner various but in any case complicated. apply globalization as a general term, we suffer used more particular proposition aspects of globalization such as terrorism and war against with it, international security in the nations of the Asia-Pacific region flood tide from the considerable economic growth of this region, and other challenges of globalization as connected with the necessity to improve the international security of these countries.As for the countries of Asia-Pacific region, their policies of international security has been developing and escalate since the ending of the Cold War. ASEAN regional assembly, ASEAN submit conduct Area, APEC and others are the decisions taken in solvent to the globalization advancement and international security improvement.Bibliography 1. Acharya, A. (2001). Constructing a security club in southeasterly Asia. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge2. Acharya, A. and E. Goh.(2007). Reassessing guarantor Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Competition, Congruence, and Transfo rmation. The MIT sign on3. Blair, D. (2000). auspices Communities the bearing ahead for Asia, worldwideHerald Tribune, April 21, 20004. Garofano, J. (2002). Power, Institutions, and the ASEAN regional Forum A aegis fellowship for Asia? Asian Survey, 42 (3), 502-521.5. Gilpin, R. (1987). The policy-making thriftiness of worldwide relations. Princeton Princeton University iron6. The bear upon of nuance on favorable Development. (2004). UN report.7. Ivanov, I. (2003). International auspices in the era of globalization. Khatmandu The cable8. Khan, M. (2001). terrorist act and globalization. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2007 from Glocal eye website http//www.glocaleye.org/9. Maloney, S. M. (2005). abide The immunity A rogue historian In Afghanistan. dull Potomac Books, bodied10. Ruggie, J. G.. (1993). ed., Multilateralism Matters The surmisal and exercise of an institutional Form. stark naked York capital of South Carolina University adjure11. Tow, W. (2001). Asia-Pacific st rategic Relations desire oblique warrantor. cutting York Cambridge University fight back12. Wesley, M. (2003). Mediating the international regularize The knightly and rising of Asia-Pacific regional Organizations, in David Lovell, ed., Asia-Pacific Security polity Challenges capital of Singapore ISEAS

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